What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection?

The distinction between sterilization and disinfection is crucial in infection control practices. Sterilization is a process that eliminates all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. This means that nothing remains that can cause infection. It is typically achieved through methods such as autoclaving (steam under pressure), dry heat, or chemical sterilants.

On the other hand, disinfection reduces the number of pathogenic microorganisms to a level that is not harmful to health. This process does not guarantee the elimination of all microbes, particularly resistant spores. Disinfection is commonly used on surfaces and non-critical items that come into contact with skin but do not penetrate it.

Understanding this key difference helps in applying the correct method in various settings, such as healthcare and beauty environments, to maintain safety and prevent the spread of infections.